The mosquito-borne disease primarily transmitted by the mosquitos. So mosquito is one of the dangerous carriers of diseases. They can carry and spread diseases. So, according to The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the mosquito-born disease mainly occurred or scattered by the bite of an infected mosquito.
The disease that is primarily spread by the mosquitos is the West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, dengue, Zika virus, and protozoal infection.
According to WHO(World Health Organization), in 2015 cause of malaria 4,30,000 people have died worldwide.
A mosquito is known as Aedes aegypti transmitted disease like Zika, dengue, Chikungunya, and yellow fever to the human being.
A mosquito spreads west Nile Virus is Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatu. These mosquitos are active during the night, and infection mainly seen at the time of summer. The female anopheles mosquito causes malaria.
Zika virus
The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne disease and spread by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. This mosquito also causes dengue, Chikungunya, and yellow fever to the human being.
According to WHO(World Health Organization), cause of zika virus number of the pregnant woman are affected in 2016, and they declared Zika virus to be a global medical emergency.
How zika virus transmitted?
The virus is transmitted once a mosquito bites an infected person, which then bites others. It may also spread from a pregnant woman to her baby. Additionally, the virus has also been found to spread through sexual intercourse, and a few studies determined the presence of the virus within the saliva, blood, urine, and eye fluid of an infected person.
Symptoms
Symptoms might show up any time from 3-14 days once a mosquito bites a person and might stay for many days to a week.
Though most infected individuals will not show any symptoms, a very few numbers of a person like about one in fifth might show the following signs, that may vary from mild to severe:
- Fever,
- Headache,
- Rash,
- Joint pain,
- muscle pain,
- Pink eye, etc.
Treatment and Prevention
There is no vaccine and treatment available forb zika virus infection.
Protection against mosquito bites throughout the day and early evening may be a key measure to prevent Zika viral infection.
Particular attention should be given for the prevention of mosquito bites to pregnant women or women of reproductive age, and young kids.
Both affected and unaffected person wears personal protection measures like wearing clothing that covers the maximum amount of the body, using physical barriers like window screens and closed doors and windows and applying repellent to skin or clothing that contains DEET, IR3535 or icaridin according to the product label instructions.
Young kids and pregnant women should sleep under mosquito nets if sleeping throughout the day or early evening.
Travelers and people living in affected areas should take similar necessary precautions described above to protect themselves from mosquito bites.
Aedes mosquitoes breed in a small area of water around homes, schools, and work sites. It is necessary to eliminate these mosquito breeding sites, including covering water storage containers, removing standing water in flower pots, and cleanup up trash and used tires.
Zika virus and pregnancy
During pregnancy, the virus will cause severe congenital disabilities(congenital disability), like abnormalcy (babies born with abnormally small heads), brain damage, and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Additionally, it may also cause miscarriage and abortion. Hence, pregnant women are suggested to steer away from areas that are vulnerable to Zika virus risks.
Zika virus and Sexual intercourse
Zika virus also transmitted through sexual activity. Those women who have had unprotected sex and don’t would like to become pregnant because of issues about Zika virus infection should have ready access to emergency contraceptive services and counseling. Pregnant ladies should practice safer sex, including the correct and consistent use of condoms.
West Nile virus
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne disease. It’s commonly spread to individuals by the bite of an infected mosquito. West Nile Virus will cause neurological disorder and, therefore, the death of individuals.
West Nile virus (WNV) cycle in nature involving transmission between birds and mosquitoes, and Humans, horses, and other mammals also infected. West Nile Virus (WNV) is a member of the flavivirus (animal virus) genus and belongs to the family Flaviviridae.
Which also includes the virus responsible for Japanese encephalitis. West Nile Virus (WNV) was 1st isolated in a woman in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937.
Before 1997 WNV wasn’t considered pathogenic for birds, but at that point in Israel, a lot of virulent strain caused the death of various bird species presenting signs of encephalitis and paralysis.
WNV is commonly found in Africa, Europe, the center of East, North America, and West Asia. Most people infected with WNV don’t feel sick.
Among the people who are affected by WNV, only ten percent of people show fever and other symptoms. And only 1 percent of people are demonstrated severe unwellness.
Cause of West Nile Virus
Most humans are mainly affected by mosquito bites. Mosquitoes become infected when they bite infected birds, and the birds are infected by eating dead animals. When a mosquito bites an infected bird, the virus enters into the mosquito’s salivary glands. These infected mosquitoes, when bites humans, the infection or virus may be injected into humans and animals body, where the virus can multiply and cause illness.
The virus also transmitted through contact with other infected animals, their blood, or different tissues. The mosquito that spreads West Nile Virus is Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatu.
These mosquitos are active during the night, and infection mainly seen at the time of summer.WNV enters the blood and reproduces, and sometimes it will cross the blood-brain barrier to cause inflammation within the brain. Transmission is also possible through Organ transplants, Blood transfusions, Pregnancy, Breast-feeding.
Sign and Symptoms of West Nile Virus
According to the World Health Organisation, 80 percent of people who are infected by the WNV is either asymptomatic (no symptoms) or can show West Nile fever or severe West Nile disease. Only about 20% of people who are infected by WNV will show West Nile fever.
West Nile fever
The West Nile Fever symptoms include headache, tiredness, fever, and body aches, nausea, vomiting, swollen lymph glands, and occasionally with a skin rash on the trunk of the body.
Severe West Nile disease or neuroinvasive disease
The Severe West Nile disease is also a neuroinvasive disease which includes Encephalitis(Inflammation of the brain), Acute flaccid paralysis(Sudden weakness in the arms, legs and breathing muscles), and Myelitis, Meningitis(Inflammation of tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or West Nile poliomyelitis(Inflammation of the spinal cord).
The Severe West Nile disease or neuroinvasive disease symptoms include body pain, confusion, and disorientation, muscle jerking, high fever, convulsions, stiff neck, severe headache, sudden weakness, poor coordination, and partial paralysis, coma, etc.
Treatment for West Nile Virus
No vaccine or specific antiviral medicines are available for West Nile virus infection.
To reduce fever and relieve some symptoms can be used pain relief.
In severe cases, patients often need to be hospitalized to receive supportive treatment, like pain medication, intravenous fluids, and nursing care. If you think that you or a family member might have West Nile virus disease, speak with your health care provider.
Prevention of West Nile Virus
Protection against mosquito bites throughout the day and early evening may be a key measure to prevent WNV.
Both affected and unaffected person wears personal protection measures like wearing clothing that covers the maximum amount of the body, using physical barriers like window screens and closed doors and windows and applying repellent to skin or clothing that contains DEET, IR3535, or icaridin according to the product label instructions.
Young kids and pregnant women should sleep under mosquito nets if sleeping throughout the day or early evening.
Travelers and people living in affected areas should take similar necessary precautions described above to protect themselves from mosquito bites.
It is necessary to eliminate these mosquito breeding sites, including covering water storage containers, removing standing water in flower pots, and cleanup up trash and used tires.
West Nile Virus in the USA
In the U.S., WNV is a notifiable disease. In 1999, the West Nile Virus was imported to the U.S., triggering a “large and dramatic irruption,” in step with the World Health Organization. Since then, nearly 44,000 cases are reported, over 20,000 individuals are infected by WNV, and developed the neuroinvasive disease, and over 1900 people have died.
In 1999, a total of sixty-two cases were reported, as well as seven fatalities, a death rate of eleven percent.
By 2015, there have been two,175 cases and 146 deaths, or a mortality rate of 7 percent.
The highest range of cases was in 2003, at 9,862, and therefore the highest death rate was in 2001, at 15 percent.
From 2016 to January 17, 2017, about 2,038 individuals were reported to have had WNV. Fifty-six percent of those developed neuroinvasive diseases, like meningitis.
Chikungunya
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is mainly spread by a female infected mosquito.
The most common virus that is responsible for Chikungunya is Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These two species also cause other mosquito-borne diseases, including dengue. It is an RNA virus and belonging to the family Togaviridae, which is come from an alphavirus genus.
Dengue virus was 1st seen in 1952 in Southern Tanzania. Historically it was considered that Chikungunya is a tropical disease because it is only seen in India, Africa, and Asia.
But in 2007, more than 60 countries identified the Chikungunya virus. These include countries like Italy, France, Croatia, and the Caribbean islands.
Cause or Transmission of Chikungunya
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is mainly spread by a female infected mosquito.
The mosquito is infected when they bite an infected person. The most common virus that is responsible for Chikungunya is Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. This disease can be transmitted from one person to another person by the bite of an infected mosquito.
The mosquito is well known to bite during the day and at the time of evening and is mostly eat in indoor than outdoor. After the bite of an infected mosquito, the unwellness is shown between 2 to 8 days and ranges from 2 to 12 days.
Rarely Chikungunya can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby at the time of birth. But till now there no case is found that infant is affected by Chikungunya during breastfeeding. But it can be transmitted through blood fusion.
Symptoms of Chikungunya
Chikungunya typically lasts from 5 to 7 days and frequently causes severe fever. It also creates an incapacitating joint pain, which sometimes persists more than a week or may a month, which is life-threatening. The virus may also cause acute subacute or chorionic diseases.
The universal sign and symptoms, including:
- Fever,
- Joint pain,
- Headache,
- Nausea,
- Muscle fatigue,
- vomiting and
- rashes.
Commonly this disease can be cured within a week, but in some severe cases, the joint pain can’t cure completely. It may persist for more than a year. In some time cause of this virus, older people have died.
Treatment of Chikungunya
There is no Vaccine or antiviral medicine available for the treatment of Chikungunya. Medication can be given based on their symptoms, including joint pain. Treatment based on the symptoms of Chikungunya
- more rest is required
- For maintaining dehydration drink fluid
- To reduce fever and pain, take medicine like acetaminophen or paracetamol.
- Don’t take any type of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
- And if you’re taking any medicine than taken with the permission of your doctor.
Prevention of Chikungunya
To avoid mosquito bites, wear clothes that cover skin as much as possible and use mosquito repellents based on label instructions.
Use mosquito nets to protect pregnant woman babies, older people, and sick people and others who present during the day.
Use mosquito coils and insecticide during the daytime.
To reduce mosquito breeding, remove water present around your home, clean your drain, and remove discarded containers around your house.
Avoid traveling in the outbreak area. Use oil that contains lemons. Stay in the home as much as possible, mainly during the early morning and early afternoon.
Diagnosis of Chikungunya
Many strategies can be used for diagnosis Chikungunya. The symptoms of Chikungunya are almost like those of dengue and Zika; diseases spread by similar mosquitoes that transmit Chikungunya.
Only a blood test will definitively diagnose Chikungunya as symptoms don’t seem to be always simple to inform except different conditions.
Serological tests, like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), could ensure the presence of IgM and IgG anti-chikungunya antibodies. IgM antibody levels are highest three to five weeks once the onset of unwellness and persist for about two months. Samples collected throughout the first week after the onset of symptoms should be tested by both medical science and virological methods (RT-PCR).
Various reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (R.T.–PCR) strategies are on the market; however, they are of variable sensitivity. Some are suited to the clinical designation. R.T.–PCR merchandise from clinical samples may be used for genotyping of the virus, permitting comparisons with virus samples from varied geographical sources.
Malaria
Malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne disease, and parasites from the genus Plasmodium mainly cause it. Mosquito is one of the dangerous carriers of diseases. They can carry and spread diseases.
Five parasite species cause malaria in human beings, and 2 of these species are – Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
The parasites are mainly spread by the infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, called “malaria vectors.” This female Anopheles mosquito is the carrier of this parasite.
When an infected mosquito bites a healthy human, the parasite present into the salivary gland of the mosquito enters into the human body. Once the parasite enters into the body, they traveled into the liver where they mature, and after mature, they come into the bloodstream and start infecting RBC (Red Blood Cell). After 48 to 72 hour, the parasite present inside the RBC are multiply and cause a burst of the cells. And then show the symptoms of malaria.
Malaria is typically found in tropical and subtropical regions where the parasites can live and survive easily. In 2017, there have been an estimated 219 million cases of malaria in 87 countries. The estimated variety of malaria deaths stood at 435 000 in 2017.
Causes of Malaria
Most of the malaria is transmitted through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes.
The transmission of the disease depends upon factors related to the parasite, the vector, the human host, and the environment.
There are mainly four types of malaria parasites that can cause malaria in humans: Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malaria, and Plasmodium falciparum.
Plasmodium falciparum causes a severe form of the disease, and those who are affected by t this form of malaria have a higher risk of death. An infected mother can also transmit the disease to her baby during the time of birth. This is known as congenital malaria.
Symptoms of malaria
Malaria is an acute febrile unwellness. The symptoms of malaria typically develop within ten days to four weeks. Most of the time, it does not show or develop any symptoms.
The 1st symptoms of malaria are fever, headache, and chills, which may be mild and difficult to recognize or understand as malaria.
If not treated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria can starts to severe unwellness, thus leading to the death of the person.
Children with severe malaria often develop one or more of the following symptoms: severe anemia, respiratory distress with respect to metabolic acidosis, or cerebral malaria.
In adults, multi-organ failure is additionally frequent. In malaria-endemic areas, people might develop partial immunity, allowing symptomless infections to occur.
Prevention of malaria
Protection against mosquito bites throughout the day and early evening may be a key measure to prevent malaria.
Both affected and unaffected person wears personal protection measures like wearing clothing that covers the maximum amount of the body. Using physical barriers like window screens and closed doors and windows and applying repellent to skin or clothing that contains DEET, IR3535, or icaridin according to the product label instructions.
Young kids and pregnant women should sleep under mosquito nets if sleeping throughout the day or early evening.
Travelers and people living in affected areas should take similar necessary precautions described above to protect themselves from mosquito bites.
It is necessary to eliminate these mosquito breeding sites, including covering water storage containers, removing standing water in flower pots, and cleanup up trash and used tires. Vector control is the primary way to stop and reduce malaria transmission.
If coverage of vector control interventions among a selected area is high enough, then a measure of protection is going to be presented across the community.
Treatment of Malaria
Malaria could be a life-threatening condition, particularly if a person infected with the parasite P. falciparum.
Treatment for the disease is usually provided in a hospital. The doctor can prescribe medications based on the type of parasite that presents in the body of the patient.
Sometimes, the medication prescribed might not clear the infection because of parasite resistance to the medicine. If this happens, the doctor may use more than one drug or change the medications altogether to treat the patient’s condition.
Additionally, there are many different varieties of malaria parasites present, such as P. vivax and P. ovale, which have liver stages wherever the parasite will live in the patient’s body for an extended period and activate at a later date inflicting a relapse of the infection. If the patient found to have one of these varieties of malaria parasites, the patient will be given a second medication to stop a relapse within the future.
Vaccine and Antimalarial drug for malaria
RTS, S/AS01 (RTS, S) is that the initial and, to date, the only vaccine to show partial protection against malaria in young kids. It acts against P. falciparum, the first deadly malaria parasite globally, and, therefore, the most prevailing in Africa.
Among kids who received four doses in large-scale clinical trials, the vaccine prevented about four in ten cases of malaria over four years.
Resistance to antimalarial drug medicines may be a persistent problem. The resistance of Plasmodium falciparum parasite medicines, like chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (S.P.), became widespread within the 1950s and 1960s.
Dengue
Dengue(Pronounced as DENG-gey) is a mosquito-borne disease, and it is not a contaminated disease. It is not transmitted or spread directly from person to person. The Aedes Mosquito mostly spreads it.
The dengue is also called Breakbone fever or dandy fever. One hundred countries are affected by dengue. It is mainly seen in tropical areas and subtropical areas of the world.
Almost 14 percent of people are suffering because of dengue, and about 3billion people are living in an area that is on the risk of dengue.
It is most common in Southeast Asia and the western Pacific islands, and now it is transmitted rapidly in Latin America and the Caribbean.
The mosquito causes dengue
Dengue is spread by the mosquito Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. This mosquito is also spread Zika, Chikungunya, and other viral diseases.
The female Aedes mosquito transmits the dengue virus. When an Aedes mosquito bites an infected person, the dengue virus is inter into the body of the female Aedes mosquito. When she bites a healthy person, the virus enters his body and then attack by the Dengue viral fever.
The virus causes dengue.
The dengue virus (DEN) includes four different serotypes DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 which are belonging to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae.
Among the four two Asian genera, DEN-2 and DEN-3 are commonly associated with severe disease following secondary dengue infections.
Human affected by dengue virus
When an infected mosquito bites a person, the virus is circulating in the body of an infected person for 2-7 days and, at the same time, develop a fever.
A person who is already infected with the dengue virus, the first symptoms appear (during 4-5 days; maximum 12).
The severe form of dengue fever, is called dengue hemorrhagic fever, can cause severe bleeding, respiratory distress, plasma leaking, fluid accumulation, a sudden drop in blood pressure (shock), and then the death of the person.
Symptoms of Dengue
A person infected by the dengue fever virus develops severe flu-like symptoms. The disease also referred to as ‘break-bone’ fever. That affects infants, kids, and adults alike and will be fatal. The clinical characteristics of breakbone fever vary according to the age of the patient. It shows the following features:
- Severe headache,
- pain behind the eyes and nausea,
- Vomiting,
- Swollen gland muscle
- and joint pains as symptoms typically last for 2-7 days after an incubation period of 4-10 days.
But if the person has a severe form of dengue fever, is called ‘dengue hemorrhagic fever’ show the following Characteristics: Respiratory distress, Severe abdominal pain, Persistent vomiting, Rapid breathing, Bleeding gums blood in vomit, Fatigue, Restlessness, Fluid accumulation causes and Transmission of Dengue Next, 24-48 is the most critical period and need proper treatment of it.
Causes And Transmission of Dengue
Dengue is spread by the mosquito Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. This mosquito is also spread Zika, Chikungunya, and other viral diseases.
The dengue virus (DEN) includes four different serotypes DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 which are belonging to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae.
Among the four two Asian genera, DEN-2 and DEN-3 are commonly associated with severe disease following secondary dengue infections.
When a female Aedes mosquito bites an infected person, the dengue virus enters into the body of the Aedes mosquito. The virus is then matured in the salivary gland os the female Aedes mosquito. When they are mature, the female Aedes mosquito bites a healthy person, the sophisticated virus enters into the body of that person and cause Dengue.
Rarely dengue can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby at the time of birth. But till now there no case is found that infant is affected by dengue during breastfeeding. But it can also be transmitted through blood fusion.
Treatment Of Dengue
There is no Vaccine or antiviral medicine available for the treatment of dengue. Medication can be given based on their symptoms, including joint pain.
Why is only female mosquito are the carrier of viruses but not the male mosquito?
Both male and female mosquito are feed plant nectar, which secreted from the flower. But female mosquito feed blood. Because when a female mosquito becomes a flying adult, she is ready for taking 1st blood meal from the host-host may be human or any other animal. After that, the blood id digested inside the body of the mosquito, and the egg is developed. She lay eggs, and again she needs blood for the nurture of egg. At the time of the taking of blood meal from the host body, the virus enters into the body of a mosquito and grows in the salivary gland of mosquito. When she bites a healthy person, the virus comes into the body of the host. Treatment based on the symptoms of dengue
- more rest is require
- For maintaining dehydration drink fluid
- To reduce fever and pain, take medicine like acetaminophen or paracetamol.
- Don’t take any type of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
- And if you’re taking any medicine than taken with the permission of your doctor.
Prevention of Dengue
To avoid mosquito bites, wear clothes that cover skin as much as possible and use mosquito repellents based on label instructions.
Use mosquito nets to protect pregnant woman babies, older people, and sick people and others who present during the day.
Use mosquito coils and insecticide during the daytime.
To reduce mosquito breeding, remove water present around your home, clean your drain, and remove discarded containers around your house.
Avoid traveling in the outbreak area. Use oil that contains lemons.
Diagnosis of Dengue
The determination of dengue is similar to that of malaria and Typhoid. According to the sign and symptoms of the patient-doctor, Prescribe Some medicine and doing some tests.